Kecemasan Antaretnis Sebagai Mediator Kontak Antaretnis Dengan Prasangka Etnis Pada Mahasiswa
Keywords:
Intergroup Contact, Intergroup Anxiety, Prejudice, Interethnic Relations
Abstract
Ethnic diversity in Indonesia often causes interethnic conflict, including among students of different ethnicities. Stereotypes and prejudices can lead to conflict. In intergroup relations based on social identity, there are several factors that influence prejudice, including intergroup contact and intergroup anxiety. This study aims to determine the relationship between interethnic contact and interethnic prejudice mediated by interethnic anxiety in Javanese students towards ethnic students from NTT. This research was conducted using a cross-sectional survey design with a total of 386 students in the city of Surabaya as participants who were obtained by accidental sampling technique. There are three measurement tools used to collect data, namely the General Intergroup Contact Quantity and Quality (CQCQ) scale, the Intergroup Anxiety Scale (IAS), and the RIVEC Prejudice Scale which all have been adapted according to the context of this study. The data analysis technique used is the mediation test. The results showed that interethnic anxiety acted as a partial mediator in the relationship between interethnic contact and interethnic prejudice. Nonetheless, it was found that the mediating function of interethnic anxiety exerts a greater influence than the direct effect of interethnic contact on ethnic prejudice. The findings of this study can become the basis for the development of research and interventions to reduce intergroup prejudice.
References
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Awe, F. (2019). Etnisitas di perkotaan: Konflik mahasiswa Nusa Tenggara Timur dan warga Tambakbayan, Babarsari, Yogyakarta. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Azizah, F. D. N., Ratnasari, I., Chusniyah, T., & Priyambodo, A. B. (2016). Otoritarianisme sayap kanan dan fundamentalisme agama sebagai prediktor prasangka terhadap homoseksual. Prosiding Seminas Nasional Psikologi Indigenous Indonesia, 558-57-.
Azmi, R., & Kumala, A. (2019). Multicultural personality pada toleransi mahasiswa. TAZKIYA: Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v7i1.13493
Banks, J., & Banks, C. (2016). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (9th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Boin, J., Rupar, M., Graf, S., Neji, S., Spiegler, O., & Swart, H. (2021). The generalization of intergroup contact effects: Emerging research, policy relevance, and future directions. Journal of Social Issues, 77(1), 105–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12419
Borinca, I., Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M., Andrighetto, L., & Durante, F. (2021). Outgroup prejudice and perceptions of prosocial intergroup behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2712
Chandra, J., Tondok, M. S., & Balgies, S. (2022). Indonesian students’ prejudice against homosexuals: Religious fundamentalism and intergroup threat as predictors. Humaniora, 13(3), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v13i3.8346
Christ, O., & Kauff, M. (2019). Intergroup contact theroy. In K. Sassenberg & M. L. W. Vliek (Eds.), Social psychology in action: Evidence-based interventions from theory to practice. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13788-5
Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2020). Gender norms and social norms: Differences, similarities and why they matter in prevention science. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(2), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13008
Inderasari, A. P., Tondok, M. S., & Yudiarso, A. (2021). Prejudice against veiled Muslim women: The role of right-wing authoritarianism and intergroup anxiety. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 6(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v6i1.7483
Johnston, B. M., & Glasford, D. E. (2018). Intergroup contact and helping: How quality contact and empathy shape outgroup helping. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(8), 1185–1201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217711770
Kanamori, Y., Xu, Y. J., Harrell-Williams, L. M., & Lightsey, O. R. (2022). Intergroup contact, intergroup anxiety, and anti-transgender prejudice: An examination using structural equation modeling. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(4), 1943–1958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02192-5
Khakim, M. S., Sukanti, A. F., & Sarwedi, A. R. (2020). Kontribusi mahasiswa daerah dalam penaganan intoleransi melalui sinergi perguruan tinggi di DIY. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 10(1), 62–73.
Kite, M. E., & Whitley Jr., B. E. (2016). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Routledge.
Lukika, O., & Tondok, M. S. (2022). Empati dan prasangka terhadap penyandang disabilitas. Keluwih: Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 3(2), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.24123/soshum.v3i2.5350
Mayhew, M. J., & Rockenbach, A. N. (2021). Interfaith learning and development. Journal of College and Character, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2020.1860778
Mayhew, M. J., Rockenbach, A. N., Bowman, N. A., Seifert, T. A., Wolniak, G. C., Pascarella, E. T., Terenzini, P. T., & Pascarella, E. T. (2016). How college affects students: 21st century evidence that higher education works (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.
Myers, D. G., & Twenge, J. M. (2022). Social psychology (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Parela, K. A., Saffanah, W. M., & Anwar, K. (2018). Konflik mahasiswa timur di Kota Malang (Studi kasus pada mahasiswa timur di Kota Malang). Sosioglobal: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Sosiologi, 3(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.24198/jsg.v3i1.19278
Parung, J., & Hardjopranoto, W. (2018). Merawat keberlanjutan: Catatan kritis untuk Ubaya 50 tahun ke depan (N. Krisdinanto, Ed.). Ubaya Press.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.504
Pratama, D. M. T. (2017). 220 konflik antar mahasiswa asal Indonesia Timur di Kota Malang, Jawa Timur. AntroUnairDotNet, 6(3), 358–368.
Putra, I. E., Wagner, W., Holtz, P., & Rufaedah, A. (2021). Accounting for a riot: Religious identity, denying one’s prejudice, and the tool of blasphemy. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 9(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.5565
Rahardjo, V. R., & Tondok, M. S. (2022). Prasangka terhadap homoseksual: Peran fundamentalisme agama dan identitas sosial. Keluwih: Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 3(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.24123/soshum.v3i1.5226
Raihani, R. (2018). Education for multicultural citizens in Indonesia: Policies and practices. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(6), 992–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1399250
Rizkiani, F. A., & Tondok, M. S. (2023). Prasangka terhadap homoseksual: Peran fundamentalisme beragama dan kecemasan antarkelompok. SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 2(5), 1795–1804. https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i5.898
Rullo, M., Visintin, E. P., Milani, S., Romano, A., & Fabbri, L. (2022). Stay humble and enjoy diversity: The interplay between intergroup contact and cultural humility on prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 87, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.02.003
Stephan, W. G. (2014). Intergroup anxiety: Theory, research, and practice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314530518
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup Anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221–2237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
Sudiana, G. N., Ihsan, H., & Nurendah, G. (2020). Kontak antarkelompok dan demografi sebagai prediktor prasangka Etnis Sunda terhadap Etnis Tionghoa. Mediapsi, 6(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2020.006.02.8
Sujatmika, A., & Probowati, Y. (2016). Hubungan antara right-wing authoritarianism dan social dominance orientation dengan prasangka etnis pada mahasiswa di Universitas Surabaya. Calyptra: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29122.66242
Sulistio, S., Suryanto, S., Hadziq, A., & Bulut, S. (2020). The mediating effect of group identity and religious fundamentalism on the association of intergroup contact with prejudice. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 5(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v5i2.6486
Tondok, M. S., Indramawan, D. K., & Ayuni, A. (2017). Does prejudice mediate the effect of ethnocentrism on discrimination? An empirical study on interethnic relations. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 33(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v33i1.1440
Tondok, M. S., Suryanto, S., & Ardi, R. (2022). Intervention program to reduce religious prejudice in education settings: A scoping review. Religions, 13(4), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040299
Tondok, M. S., Suryanto, S., & Ardi, R. (2023). Pengaruh cooperative learning terhadap relasi antarkelompok pada setting pendidikan: Meta-analisis studi eksperimen lapangan. Prosiding Seminar Dan Temu Ilmiah Nasional, 1–22. https://fpsi.hangtuah.ac.id/pengaruh-cooperative-learning-terhadap-relasi-antarkelompok-pada-setting-pendidikan-meta-analisis-studi-eksperimen-lapangan/
Turner, R. N., West, K., & Christie, Z. (2013). Out-group trust, intergroup anxiety, and out-group attitude as mediators of the effect of imagined intergroup contact on intergroup behavioral tendencies: Mediators and consequences of imagined contact. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E196–E205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12019
Ulaan, K., Herani, I., & Rahmawati, I. (2016). Prasangka mahasiswa Papua pada Etnis Jawa di Kota Malang. Mediapsi, 02(01), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2016.002.01.2
Van Assche, J., Asbrock, F., Dhont, K., & Roets, A. (2018). The diversity challenge for high and low authoritarians: Multilevel and longitudinal effects through intergroup contact and threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(8), 1163–1179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218764653
Yafie, M. F., Solicha, & Syahid, A. (2020). Muslim prejudice: Study of the effects of religiosity, fundamentalism, religious quest, and social domination orientation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology (ICONIST 2019). 2nd International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology (ICONIST 2019), Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200220.017
Yustisia, W. (2016). Group norms as moderator in the effect of cross group friendship on outgroup attitude: A study on interreligious group in Indonesia. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 20(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v20i1.3487
Adelina, F., Hanurawan, F., & Suhanti, I. Y. (2017). Hubungan antara prasangka sosial dan intensi melakukan diskriminasi mahasiswa etnis Jawa terhadap mahasiswa yang berasal dari Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Sains Psikologi, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.17977/um023v6i12017p1-8
Amaliyah, E. I. (2017). Makna pluralitas agama di kalangan mahasiswa STAIN Kudus dan implementasinya melalui mata kuliah perbandingan agama. Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya, 2(1), 1–10.
Ardyles, J., & Syafiq, M. (2017). Penyesuaian diri mahasiswa Nusa Tenggara Timur di Surabaya. I , 4(1), 91–99. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikolog, 4(1), 91–99.
Awe, F. (2019). Etnisitas di perkotaan: Konflik mahasiswa Nusa Tenggara Timur dan warga Tambakbayan, Babarsari, Yogyakarta. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Azizah, F. D. N., Ratnasari, I., Chusniyah, T., & Priyambodo, A. B. (2016). Otoritarianisme sayap kanan dan fundamentalisme agama sebagai prediktor prasangka terhadap homoseksual. Prosiding Seminas Nasional Psikologi Indigenous Indonesia, 558-57-.
Azmi, R., & Kumala, A. (2019). Multicultural personality pada toleransi mahasiswa. TAZKIYA: Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v7i1.13493
Banks, J., & Banks, C. (2016). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (9th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Boin, J., Rupar, M., Graf, S., Neji, S., Spiegler, O., & Swart, H. (2021). The generalization of intergroup contact effects: Emerging research, policy relevance, and future directions. Journal of Social Issues, 77(1), 105–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12419
Borinca, I., Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M., Andrighetto, L., & Durante, F. (2021). Outgroup prejudice and perceptions of prosocial intergroup behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2712
Chandra, J., Tondok, M. S., & Balgies, S. (2022). Indonesian students’ prejudice against homosexuals: Religious fundamentalism and intergroup threat as predictors. Humaniora, 13(3), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v13i3.8346
Christ, O., & Kauff, M. (2019). Intergroup contact theroy. In K. Sassenberg & M. L. W. Vliek (Eds.), Social psychology in action: Evidence-based interventions from theory to practice. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13788-5
Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2020). Gender norms and social norms: Differences, similarities and why they matter in prevention science. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(2), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13008
Inderasari, A. P., Tondok, M. S., & Yudiarso, A. (2021). Prejudice against veiled Muslim women: The role of right-wing authoritarianism and intergroup anxiety. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 6(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v6i1.7483
Johnston, B. M., & Glasford, D. E. (2018). Intergroup contact and helping: How quality contact and empathy shape outgroup helping. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(8), 1185–1201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217711770
Kanamori, Y., Xu, Y. J., Harrell-Williams, L. M., & Lightsey, O. R. (2022). Intergroup contact, intergroup anxiety, and anti-transgender prejudice: An examination using structural equation modeling. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(4), 1943–1958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02192-5
Khakim, M. S., Sukanti, A. F., & Sarwedi, A. R. (2020). Kontribusi mahasiswa daerah dalam penaganan intoleransi melalui sinergi perguruan tinggi di DIY. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 10(1), 62–73.
Kite, M. E., & Whitley Jr., B. E. (2016). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Routledge.
Lukika, O., & Tondok, M. S. (2022). Empati dan prasangka terhadap penyandang disabilitas. Keluwih: Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 3(2), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.24123/soshum.v3i2.5350
Mayhew, M. J., & Rockenbach, A. N. (2021). Interfaith learning and development. Journal of College and Character, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2020.1860778
Mayhew, M. J., Rockenbach, A. N., Bowman, N. A., Seifert, T. A., Wolniak, G. C., Pascarella, E. T., Terenzini, P. T., & Pascarella, E. T. (2016). How college affects students: 21st century evidence that higher education works (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.
Myers, D. G., & Twenge, J. M. (2022). Social psychology (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Parela, K. A., Saffanah, W. M., & Anwar, K. (2018). Konflik mahasiswa timur di Kota Malang (Studi kasus pada mahasiswa timur di Kota Malang). Sosioglobal: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Sosiologi, 3(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.24198/jsg.v3i1.19278
Parung, J., & Hardjopranoto, W. (2018). Merawat keberlanjutan: Catatan kritis untuk Ubaya 50 tahun ke depan (N. Krisdinanto, Ed.). Ubaya Press.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.504
Pratama, D. M. T. (2017). 220 konflik antar mahasiswa asal Indonesia Timur di Kota Malang, Jawa Timur. AntroUnairDotNet, 6(3), 358–368.
Putra, I. E., Wagner, W., Holtz, P., & Rufaedah, A. (2021). Accounting for a riot: Religious identity, denying one’s prejudice, and the tool of blasphemy. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 9(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.5565
Rahardjo, V. R., & Tondok, M. S. (2022). Prasangka terhadap homoseksual: Peran fundamentalisme agama dan identitas sosial. Keluwih: Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 3(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.24123/soshum.v3i1.5226
Raihani, R. (2018). Education for multicultural citizens in Indonesia: Policies and practices. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(6), 992–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1399250
Rizkiani, F. A., & Tondok, M. S. (2023). Prasangka terhadap homoseksual: Peran fundamentalisme beragama dan kecemasan antarkelompok. SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 2(5), 1795–1804. https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i5.898
Rullo, M., Visintin, E. P., Milani, S., Romano, A., & Fabbri, L. (2022). Stay humble and enjoy diversity: The interplay between intergroup contact and cultural humility on prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 87, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.02.003
Stephan, W. G. (2014). Intergroup anxiety: Theory, research, and practice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314530518
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup Anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221–2237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
Sudiana, G. N., Ihsan, H., & Nurendah, G. (2020). Kontak antarkelompok dan demografi sebagai prediktor prasangka Etnis Sunda terhadap Etnis Tionghoa. Mediapsi, 6(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2020.006.02.8
Sujatmika, A., & Probowati, Y. (2016). Hubungan antara right-wing authoritarianism dan social dominance orientation dengan prasangka etnis pada mahasiswa di Universitas Surabaya. Calyptra: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29122.66242
Sulistio, S., Suryanto, S., Hadziq, A., & Bulut, S. (2020). The mediating effect of group identity and religious fundamentalism on the association of intergroup contact with prejudice. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 5(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v5i2.6486
Tondok, M. S., Indramawan, D. K., & Ayuni, A. (2017). Does prejudice mediate the effect of ethnocentrism on discrimination? An empirical study on interethnic relations. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 33(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v33i1.1440
Tondok, M. S., Suryanto, S., & Ardi, R. (2022). Intervention program to reduce religious prejudice in education settings: A scoping review. Religions, 13(4), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040299
Tondok, M. S., Suryanto, S., & Ardi, R. (2023). Pengaruh cooperative learning terhadap relasi antarkelompok pada setting pendidikan: Meta-analisis studi eksperimen lapangan. Prosiding Seminar Dan Temu Ilmiah Nasional, 1–22. https://fpsi.hangtuah.ac.id/pengaruh-cooperative-learning-terhadap-relasi-antarkelompok-pada-setting-pendidikan-meta-analisis-studi-eksperimen-lapangan/
Turner, R. N., West, K., & Christie, Z. (2013). Out-group trust, intergroup anxiety, and out-group attitude as mediators of the effect of imagined intergroup contact on intergroup behavioral tendencies: Mediators and consequences of imagined contact. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E196–E205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12019
Ulaan, K., Herani, I., & Rahmawati, I. (2016). Prasangka mahasiswa Papua pada Etnis Jawa di Kota Malang. Mediapsi, 02(01), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2016.002.01.2
Van Assche, J., Asbrock, F., Dhont, K., & Roets, A. (2018). The diversity challenge for high and low authoritarians: Multilevel and longitudinal effects through intergroup contact and threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(8), 1163–1179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218764653
Yafie, M. F., Solicha, & Syahid, A. (2020). Muslim prejudice: Study of the effects of religiosity, fundamentalism, religious quest, and social domination orientation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology (ICONIST 2019). 2nd International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology (ICONIST 2019), Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200220.017
Yustisia, W. (2016). Group norms as moderator in the effect of cross group friendship on outgroup attitude: A study on interreligious group in Indonesia. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 20(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v20i1.3487
Published
2023-07-01
How to Cite
Wantera, N. N., & Tondok, M. (2023). Kecemasan Antaretnis Sebagai Mediator Kontak Antaretnis Dengan Prasangka Etnis Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Psyche, 17(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.33557/jpsyche.v17i1.2511
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